Short answer: there aren’t foods that Jainism uniquely allows but Vaishnavism/Brahmanism/Vedic religion universally forbids. The meaningful difference is the Jain practice around root vegetables, which many Jains avoid, whereas root vegetables are commonly eaten in many Hindu (and Vedantic) and Brahmanic traditions.

Key points you can keep in mind:

• Root vegetables: Jains who follow strict ahimsa often avoid eating root vegetables such as potatoes (aloo), onions, garlic, carrots, radishes, beets, ginger, turmeric rhizomes, etc., because pulling them up harms many underground life-forms and because they are said to promote more harm or passion. In many Vaishnava and broader Hindu communities, these root vegetables are commonly eaten, so they are not categorically forbidden in those traditions.
• Non-root foods: Both Jainism and most Hindu/Brahmanic traditions allow fruits, grains, legumes, vegetables (that are not roots), dairy, nuts, seeds, and many prepared dishes, but Jains may choose to avoid certain items for non-violence reasons (e.g., certain greens or vegetables that involve more uprooting or suffering in their cultivation) and for strictly avoiding harm to living beings.
• Honey and eggs: Jains generally avoid honey and eggs as they involve harm to living creatures, whereas many Hindu/Brahmanic diets do include honey by tradition and eggs are sometimes consumed in some communities (though many Hindus also avoid them).
• Differences by sect: There are minor, tradition-specific differences (Digambara vs. Śvetāmbara) on dietary rules, but the root-vegetable prohibition is the most widely emphasized Jain distinction.

If you’d like, I can outline the typical Jain dietary rules in plain terms (and note where Digambara and Śvetāmbara practices differ) with examples of common foods and why they are avoided.