There is no single exact year when the “22 sampradaya” of Jainism began. In Jain tradition, these 22 sects emerged gradually during the medieval period as divisions within the Jain community grew (notably after the early centuries of Mahavira’s era). Scholarly and traditional accounts place the beginnings of such sectarian diversification roughly from the 8th–9th centuries onward, with many of the distinct sampradaya stories and lineages becoming clearer by the 11th–13th centuries. Different Jain traditions (Digambara and Śvetāmbara) also emphasize different lineages and sub-sects, so the details can vary by text and tradition.

If you’d like, I can look for a specific Jain Knowledge source that discusses the 22 sampradaya and provide a summarized note from that page.