• What are padukas: Padukas are the wooden sandals or just the footprints of a Tirthankara or a great Jain monk. They are symbolic representations, not physical objects of worship in themselves.

• Significance in iconography:

- Path and humility: Padukas symbolize the path (mārga) of non-violence, restraint, and renunciation. They remind the devotee to tread carefully and follow the Jain code of conduct. - Presence of a teacher: When shown near a Tirthankara or a revered monk, padukas indicate the living tradition of teachers who guide souls toward liberation. - Renunciation and simplicity: The image of padukas emphasizes simplicity, detachment from worldly footwear and status, and a life of austerity. - Abode of the Tirthankara’s teaching: In many depictions, padukas appear at the base or side of the image, signaling the emanation of the Tirthankara’s teachings and the sanctity of the path shown by their example.

• How they appear in art:

- As a small pair of sandals or as impressed footprints, often placed near the feet of the Tirthankara in sculpture or painting. - The exact styling can vary between Digambara and Śvetāmbara traditions, but the underlying meaning—renunciation, guidance, and the sacred path—remains the same.

If you’d like, I can tailor this explanation to a specific Tirthankara or temple iconography you have in mind (and note any Digambara vs Śvetāmbara differences as relevant).