Jainism traces its spiritual lineage to the twenty-four Tirthankaras, with Mahavira (6th century BCE) being the last and a central reformer who organized Jain doctrine and practice. It arose in ancient India as a tradition of asceticism, non-violence (ahimsa), and strict self-discipline, teaching liberation through right belief, knowledge, and conduct. Over time, two main communities developed: Digambar and Shwetambar, with differences in monastic practices and certain scriptures. Historically, Jainism thrived in western and southern India, influencing trade and culture, faced periods of decline and revival, and continues today through devoted communities, temples, and scholarship focused on ahimsa, truth, and spiritual purification.