In Pañcha‑Namaskār (Navkār / Namokār Mantra) we bow to the Pañcha‑Parameṣṭhi – the five supreme beings in Jain Dharma:

1. Arihant

– Present, living omniscient beings who have destroyed inner passions (krodh, mān, māyā, lobh) but still have a body.

1. Siddha

– Fully liberated souls, completely free from all karma and from birth–death, residing at Siddha‑śilā.

1. Āchārya

– Head monks who lead the Jain sangh and show the correct path of conduct.

1. Upādhyāya

– Spiritual teachers who explain and teach the scriptures.

1. All Sādhus and Sādhvīs (monks and nuns)

– Those who have renounced worldly life and are sincerely practising the path of liberation.

So in Pañcha Namaskār we are not bowing to a particular person or “god”, but to the pure qualities of these five categories of great souls.

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