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  • Angas, Upanga, and Parikramas
  • author Posted by
    Jain Follower

    Angas, Upanga, and Parikramas

    6 months ago 202

    In Jainism (especially in the Śvetāmbara tradition), the Agam scriptures are grouped mainly as:

    1. Angas (Aṅga Āgamas)

    • Meaning: “Aṅga” = limb. These are the main “limbs” of Bhagwan Mahavir’s teachings.
    • Status: They are considered the primary canonical texts in the Śvetāmbara tradition.
    • Number (Śvetāmbara): Traditionally 11 Angas are accepted.
    • Content (in simple terms):
    - Teach right conduct for monks and nuns. - Explain Jain philosophy (soul, karma, bondage, liberation). - Contain questions–answers between Ganadharas and Mahavir. - Include stories that teach morals and Jain principles.

    2. Upangas (Upāṅga Āgamas)

    • Meaning: “Upāṅga” = subsidiary / secondary limb.
    • Status: Texts that support and explain the Angas.
    • Number (Śvetāmbara): Traditionally 12 Upangas.
    • Content (broadly):
    - Detailed explanations of topics already found in Angas. - Descriptions of Jain cosmology (lok, heavens, hells, etc.). - Stories of great śrāvaks, kings, monks, and their spiritual progress. - Teachings on vows, penances, right behaviour for laypeople and ascetics.

    3. “Parikramas” (actually Prakirnaka / Prakīrṇaka Sūtras)

    In the list of Agams, the third related group is usually called Prakīrṇaka Sūtras, not “Parikramas”, so most likely you are referring to these.

    • Meaning: Prakīrṇaka = miscellaneous / separate pieces.
    • Status: Short, independent texts focused on specific practical topics.
    • Number (Śvetāmbara): Traditionally 10 Prakīrṇaka Sūtras.
    • Content (in simple terms):
    - Short texts on: - Daily practices like sāmāyik, pratikraman, pratyākhyān. - Devotional stutis and praise of Arihants and Siddhas. - Rules and guidance for pure conduct in specific situations. - They are more practical and focused, helpful for day‑to‑day spiritual discipline.

    Difference in Śvetāmbara and Digambar view

    • Śvetāmbara:
    - Accept a canon of 45 Agams, grouped as: - 11 Anga - 12 Upanga - 6 Cheda Sūtras - 4 Mūla Sūtras - 10 Prakīrṇaka Sūtras - (and sometimes Nandi & Anuyogadvāra noted separately)
    • Digambar:
    - Believe that the original Angas were lost long ago. - Do not accept the present Śvetāmbara Agams as authentic. - Follow other main texts (like Ṣaṭkhaṇḍāgama, Kaṣāyapāhuḍa, etc.), so the Anga–Upanga–Prakirnaka classification is mainly a Śvetāmbara Agam framework.

    For a simple list and short explanations of all 45 Agams (with Angas, Upangas, etc.), you can read more here

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