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the six independent entities
In Jain philosophy, the six independent entities are the six dravyas:
- Jiva – living soul
- Pudgala – matter
- Dharma – medium of motion
- Adharma – medium of rest
- Akasha – space
- Kala – time
These are called independent realities because they are eternal and form the structure of existence in Jain cosmology. Among them, jiva and pudgala are the most active in worldly bondage and liberation, while the others support the functioning of the universe.
