You infer an enduring knower from changing acts of knowing, but Buddhism sees this as unnecessary. Continuity of consciousness, memory, karma, and liberation can be explained through dependent arising alone. What is observed is conditioned process; the pe
In Jain दर्शन, the answer is: yes, there is an enduring knower — the jīva.
But Jainism makes an important distinction:
- Knowledge (jñāna) arises and changes according to the soul’s condition.
- The knower (jīva) is not identical with those changing mental events.
- The soul is the substratum in which knowing appears, while the forms of knowing vary by karma, अवस्था, and development.
So when knowing is carefully observed, Jainism says you do not find only a bare stream of events with no owner at all; rather, you infer a conscious substance whose nature is to know, though its manifestations are covered, expanded, or obscured by karma.
Jain view in brief
- The jīva is permanent in substance.
- Its states change continuously.
- Knowledge is one of its essential qualities, but the degree and clarity of knowledge change.
- Liberation does not mean annihilation of the knower; it means the soul becomes free of karma and manifests pure, infinite knowledge.
On the “I am” conceit
Jainism agrees that egoistic identification with body, passions, and transient states must be overcome. But it does not conclude from this that the knower is unreal. Instead:- false identification is removed,
- attachment is destroyed,
- and the soul’s true nature is realized.
So from the Jain standpoint, changing acts of knowing imply a real knower, because a quality presupposes a substance in which it inhere. The acts change; the soul remains the enduring conscious reality.