dev four bedh
In Jainism, Dev refers to celestial beings or deities. The concept of "Dev na chaar bhed" (four types of celestial beings) is a significant classification in Jain cosmology. The four main categories of heavenly beings (Dev) are:
- Bhavanapati (Abode-lords): These are the lowest order of heavenly beings, residing in mansions or palaces beneath the earth (subterranean heavens).
- Vyantara (Intermediaries or Peripatetic Devas): These celestial beings live in the intermediate space between earth and the lower heavens. They are known to move about and are sometimes depicted as yakshas and yakshinis.
- Jyotishka (Luminaries or Stellar Devas): These are the celestial beings who inhabit and preside over the heavenly bodies like the sun, moon, stars, and planets.
- Vaimānika (Heavenly or Astral Devas): These are the highest class among the heavenly beings, residing in the upper heavenly abodes (heavens above the earth).
Each of these four categories is further divided into several sub-categories, and they all have different levels of merits and enjoyments according to their karmic results. However, Jainism teaches that even celestial beings are bound by karma and are not liberated; only through human birth and the practice of right conduct can one attain liberation (moksha).
Summary Table:
| Type of Dev | Description | |------------------------|------------------------------------------------| | Bhavanapati | Abode-lord, reside in mansions below earth | | Vyantara | Intermediaries, move between realms | | Jyotishka | Luminaries, in celestial bodies | | Vaimānika | Heavenly deities in upper heavens |