Answer

In Jain Dharma, the two major traditions are:

• Digambar
• Śvetāmbara

They developed because of historical differences in monastic conduct, preservation of scriptures, and interpretation of certain practices after the time of Bhagwan Mahavir.

Explanation

Both Digambar and Śvetāmbara traditions follow the same fundamental Jain principles:

• Ahimsa — non-violence
• Aparigraha — non-possessiveness
• Anekantavada — many-sided understanding of truth
• Karma theory
• Liberation of the soul
• Reverence for the 24 Tirthankars

The differences arose mainly due to historical circumstances. A traditional account says that during a severe famine, some Jain monks migrated to the south, while others remained in the north. Over time, differences developed in monastic discipline and scriptural traditions.

Some key differences include:

• Monastic practice: Digambar monks practice complete renunciation without clothing. Śvetāmbara monks wear white robes.
• Scriptures: Śvetāmbara tradition accepts preserved Agam scriptures, while Digambar tradition holds that the original Angas were eventually lost.
• Images of Tirthankars: Digambar images are generally shown unclothed and without ornamentation. Śvetāmbara images may be shown with clothing or ornaments.
• Views on certain spiritual matters: There are some differences regarding details such as women’s liberation and the life of Bhagwan Mahavir.

Spiritual Understanding

Although there are differences in practice and tradition, both paths aim at the same goal: liberation from karma and realization of the pure soul.

Jain Dharma teaches us to view such differences with respect, humility, and anekantavada. The outer practices may differ, but the inner goal remains the same: right faith, right knowledge, and right conduct.

Takeaway

The two major Jain traditions exist because of historical and practical differences, but both preserve the core message of Jain Dharma: purify the soul through non-violence, self-discipline, detachment, and spiritual awareness.