Here are the types of Tap (austerities) that Jains especially observe during Paryushan/Das Lakshan. In Jain Darshan there are 12 Tapas: 6 external (bāhya) and 6 internal (abhyantara). Both Śvetāmbara and Digambara accept these; a few names vary slightly (noted below).

Six External Tapas (Bāhya Tap)

• Anashana: Complete fasting for a set period.
• Avamodarya (also called Unodari): Eating less than needed.
• Vritti-parisankhyana (Vritti-samkṣepa): Limiting items/places of taking food (e.g., fixed number of items, limited begging points).
• Rasa-parityaga: Giving up stimulating tastes (e.g., sweets, fried, or multiple tastes).
• Kaya-kleśa: Willingly bearing physical hardship in dharma (e.g., standing/sitting postures, vigilance).
• Sanlinata (also said Vivikta-śayyāsana): Seclusion/solitude; limiting movement and contacts for inner focus.

Six Internal Tapas (Abhyantara Tap)

• Prāyaścitta: Repentance/expiation for faults.
• Vinaya: Humility and reverence for dharma/teachers.
• Vaiyāvṛttya: Selfless service to saints and the needy.
• Svādhyāya: Study and reflection on scriptures.
• Vyutsarga (Kayotsarga): Letting go—posture and inner abandonment of attachment/aversion.
• Dhyāna: Right meditation leading to purity and equanimity.

Common Tapas practiced during Paryushan (for laypeople)

• Upavās: Full-day (or multi-day) fasts.
• Ekaśan/Biyaśan: One meal a day / two meals a day with restraints.
• Āyambil: One bland meal (no taste-enhancers, simple grains/pulses) once a day.
• Attham: Three consecutive days of fasting.
• Atthai: Eight-day austerity (observed in various forms according to capacity and guidance).
• Masakṣaman (Māskhaman): One month fast (advanced; attempted only with proper guidance).
• Silence (Maun), Samayik, Pratikraman, and extended Sādhanā to purify conduct.

Tradition notes

• Śvetāmbara: 8-day Paryushan culminating in Samvatsari Pratikraman and universal forgiveness (Michhami Dukkadam).
• Digambara: 10-day Das Lakshan Parva focusing each day on a supreme virtue (Uttam Kṣamā, Mardava, Arjava, Śaucha, Satya, Saṃyam, Tap, Tyāg, Akinchan, Brahmacharya). Tap (austerity) here is one of the ten daily contemplations.

Purpose and spirit All Tap is meaningful only with Right Faith, non-violence, and inner humility. The goal is shedding karma, calming passions, and progressing toward self-purification—not body-torture or show.

For simple overviews and lists:

• 12 types of Tap (six external + six internal):
• Paryushan focus and daily importance (Śvetāmbara and Digambara notes):
• Advanced fasts like Siddhi Tap and Masakṣaman (for context only):