Tapas (austerities) in Jainism are rigorous disciplines aimed at purifying the soul. They are usually classified along two broad lines: external (bodily) practices and internal (mental/spiritual) practices. The exact forms and emphasis can vary between Digambar and Shwetambar traditions, but the spirit is the same: purify attachment, Veerya (energy), and thoughts to progress on the path to liberation.

• External (bodily) tapas

- Upavasa (fasting): refraining from eating for a part or all of the day, sometimes with strict limits on intake. - Anupavasa / partial fasting: reducing food intake or eating only certain foods on a given day. - Kayotsarga (standing meditation in a still posture): austerity through calm, uninterrupted standing for extended periods. - Tapashchaarya (body discipline): disciplined routines of posture, movement, and self-control to minimize harm and distraction. - Hardship of daily routine: enduring discomfort or minimal needs with equanimity (e.g., staying in austere conditions, practicing restraint in habits, etc.).

• Internal (mental/spiritual) tapas

- Vairagya (non-attachment): cultivating detachment from worldly pleasures, possessions, and social status. - Brahmacharya (chastity/celibacy in appropriate contexts): practicing sexual restraint as part of spiritual discipline (in lay life or monastic life, depending on the path). - Samyak Dhyana (proper meditation): steady, ethical, and focused meditation to purify thoughts and intentions. - Pratyahara (sense restraint): controlling senses and desires to prevent them from leading the mind astray. - Mauna (silence) and controlled speech: speaking only necessary, truthful, and beneficial words; choosing silence as a discipline. - Acharana (ethical conduct as discipline): strict adherence to vows and ethical rules to reduce karmic bondage. - Pratikraman and reflective repentance: regular self-review and confession of faults, with heartfelt resolution to improve. - Asodhya and other fasting-like contemplations: mental austerities that restrain from indulgence without necessarily physical fasting.

• Distinctions between Digambar and Shwetambar emphasis

- Digambar traditions often stress more severe or austere bodily disciplines in the monastic context (e.g., nudity as symbolic of renunciation in some lineages and stricter forms of fasting). The emphasis tends to be on stripping away possessions and conventional comforts to a greater extent. - Shwetambar traditions emphasize wearing white clothing (as a symbol of renunciation within their monastic code) and often interpret certain austerities with slightly different procedural details. Both traditions agree on core aims: reduce karmic bondage, awaken self-discipline, and progress toward liberation.

If you’d like, I can present a more exact, tradition-specific list of tapas with the original terms and their precise meanings as found in Digambar and Shwetambar canonical sources.