In Jainism there is no fixed, universally accepted list of “12 panths.” The tradition is best described as two main monastic-scholastic streams (Digambara and Śvetāmbara) with several well-known sub-sects, such as Terapanth, Sthanakvasi, and Murtipujak, among others. Some groups are historical or regional; others are reformist movements within Digambara or Śvetāmbara.

A couple of important clarifications:

• Terapanth is a major Śvetāmbara-Dikambara-influenced movement but its name literally means “the path of thirteen,” not twelve. It is said to be named for the thirteen rules (five Mahavratas, five Samitis, and three Guptis) that its order observes. This highlights how names about “panth” can be historical and nuanced. ( jainknowledge.com, jainworld.com)

If you’re looking for a concise overview of Jain sects and sub-sects, I can share more details or point you to specific Jain texts and explanations.