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Lord Mahavira was born on March 30, 599 B.C. and achieved nirvana in 527 B.C. at the age of 72, making him the 24th and final Tirthankar. He was a contemporary of Lord Buddha and played a significant role in shaping the present form of Jainism.
Jainism's core principles are as follows:
The first and third principles are straightforward, while the second one, Anekantvada, emphasizes the importance of considering multiple viewpoints. It encourages tolerance and understanding of diverse perspectives to avoid biased or incorrect conclusions. An example often used is that of the eight blind men and an elephant, where each had a correct but partial understanding of the elephant. Total knowledge could only be attained by considering all viewpoints.
Jainism employs a concept called ASTI - NASTI - VADA, where an object can be described in seemingly opposite ways, such as "it is" (ASTI) and "it is not" (NASTI). These descriptions can pertain to substance, place, time, or form, showcasing the multifaceted nature of reality.
Additionally, Jain thinkers have introduced the doctrine of Syadavada, which acknowledges uncertainty and probability in predictions. This concept allows for a more nuanced understanding of complex phenomena.
Comparing Jainism and Vedantic philosophies, both can be considered correct in their own ways. Jainism focuses on the complexity of the universe, emphasizing the Syadavada concept to accommodate diverse perspectives. It does not delve into the depth of the creation process as Vedantism does, leading to the concept of God as the First Cause in Vedantic philosophy.
In Jainism, the highest ideal is the Tirthankara, who embodies infinite knowledge, infinite bliss, and infinite power, akin to Vedantic 'Chitananda.' Jainism also distinguishes between Arhat and Siddha, which are analogous to Vedantic Jivan Mukta (free from life) and Videha Mukta (free from the body). Tirthankaras are Siddhas who realize the truth during their lifetime, and Jains recognize Arhats, Siddhas, and Tirthankaras as those who deserve, accomplish, and sanctify. In Jain philosophy, Tirthankaras take on a role akin to God.
