Understanding in Jainism:

• Time is cyclical, not linear. One complete cycle (kalpa) has two halves: utsarpiṇi (ascending/progressing) and avasarpiṇi (descending/regressing). Each half is divided into six eras, making twelve eras in a full cycle. After the sixth era of one half, the cycle flips to the other half and continues forever. ( jainpedia.org)

• Do individuals personally pass through each era? No. The eras are collective phases of the world (karma-bhumi). All beings in a region experience the era together as the cycle progresses. Individuals do not sequentially “inhale” era 1, then era 2, etc., in a personal timeline.

• Our present era, according to many Jain traditions, is in the avasarpiṇi half, specifically in the fifth era of avasarpiṇi (often described as Dukhamā or a Dukhamā-dukhamā phase, i.e., difficult times). Different Jain traditions (Digambara vs Śvetāmbara) may differ slightly in dating and naming specifics, but the general structure of utsarpiṇi with six eras and avasarpiṇi with six eras remains the same. ( jainknowledge.com)

• If you’d like a quick overview of the six eras in each half, you can check the simple lists for utsarpinī and avasarpiṇī. ( jainknowledge.com)

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